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linux在DB运维时常用的命令有哪些

这篇文章主要介绍了linux在DB运维时常用的命令有哪些，具有一定借鉴价值，感兴趣的朋友可以参考下，希望大家阅读完这篇文章之后大有收获，下面让小编带着大家一起了解一下。

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  1. # cat /etc/issue

  2. CentOS release 6.5 (Final)

  3. Kernel \r on an \m

我使用的测试机是CentOS 6.5，目前比较流行的linux发行版本有：

  1. Red Hat   http://www.redhat.com (目前企业版最佳版本，不过商业服务收费，对操作系统安全负责)

  2. Fedora        http://fedoraproject.org (Red Hat的开发版本，更新速度快)

  3. Mandriva      http://mandriva.com

  4. Novell SuSE     http://novell.com/linux

  5. Debian          http://debian.org

  6. Slackware       http://slackware.com

  7. Gentoo          http://gentoo.org (性能较好)

  8. Ubuntu          http://ubuntu.com (基于Debian)

  9. CentOS          http://centos.org (免费服务器版本，意思就是专业盗版Red Hat，记住专业)

  10. Ubuntu Kylin    http://www.ubuntukylin.com (国产版本,基于Ubuntu，现在16.04貌似很友好)

  11. Deepin         https://www.deepin.org/ (国内第一个基于Debian的系统，社区支持相当友好发布了很多国内软件的linux版本，Ubuntu、Ubuntu Kylin都是其受益者，这个情操给满分)

其次，我们肯定要看看CPU、硬盘大小、内存这些硬件信息了啥

  1. 查看CPU信息（型号）

  2. # cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep name | cut -f2 -d: | uniq -c

  3. 4  Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2420 0 @ 1.90GHz          E5410   @ 2.33GHz

  4. (看到有8个逻辑CPU, 也知道了CPU型号)

  5. # cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep physical | uniq -c

  6. 4 physical id : 0 

  7. 4 physical id : 1 

  8. (说明实际上是两颗4核的CPU)

  9. # getconf LONG_BIT

  10. 64

  11. (说明当前CPU运行在32bit模式下, 但不代表CPU不支持64bit)

  12. # cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep flags | grep ' lm ' | wc -l

  13. 4

  14. (结果大于0, 说明支持64bit计算. lm指long mode, 支持lm则是64bit)

  15. 查看机器型号 
    # dmidecode | grep "Product Name"

  16. 查看网卡信息 
    # dmesg | grep -i eth

  17. # df -lh
    Filesystem                    Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root   50G  7.2G   40G  16% /
    tmpfs                         1.9G   68K  1.9G   1% /dev/shm
    /dev/sda1                     485M   40M  421M   9% /boot
    /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_home   49G  7.8G   39G  17% /home

目前市面上CPU基本都是x86和PowerPC吧，特定机器可能会使用Sun公司的SPARC系列。
CPU内部含有微指令集，不同的微指令集会导致CPU工作效率的优势
CPU的频率：CPU每秒钟可以进行的工作次数
CPU频率3.0G表示这个CPU在一秒内可以进行3.0*10^9次工作
所以主频高的CPU性能不一定就好，还要看微指令集。

机器到手，最后最重要肯定是要有网络啥，不然玩不转呀。

  1. ifconfig

  2. eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:50:56:B3:6B:6D

  3.           inet addr:172.15.11.73  Bcast:172.15.11.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

  4.           inet6 addr: fe80::250:56ff:feb3:6b6d/64 Scope:Link

  5.           UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1

  6.           RX packets:40487206 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

  7.           TX packets:791120 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

  8.           collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000

  9.           RX bytes:5193260758 (4.8 GiB) TX bytes:296331233 (282.6 MiB)

  11. linux设置静态IP

  12. cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

  13. #vim ifcfg-eth0

  14. DEVICE=eth0

  15. HWADDR=00:50:56:B0:07:B6

  16. TYPE=Ethernet

  17. UUID=ceb36fa0-487e-4f8a-bba1-9f94728086e5

  18. ONBOOT=yes

  19. NM_CONTROLLED=yes

  20. BOOTPROTO=static

  21. IPADDR=192.168.6.203

  22. NETMASK=255.255.255.0

  23. GATEWAY=192.168.6.2

  24. DNS1=192.168.0.5

linux卸载多余启动项
第一种方法
1.首先列出系统中正在使用的内核: 
# uname -a 
2.查询系统中全部的内核: 
# rpm -qa | grep kernel 
3.将你想删除的内核删除掉:(例如,在我的系统中,我要删掉kernel-2.6.32-279.9.1.el6.x86_64的内核,需要把所有含有kernel-2.6.32-279.9.1.el6.x86_64字样的全部删掉) 
#yum remove kernel-2.6.32-279.9.1.el6.x86_64 
4.重启后就可以看到,内核被删掉了,同时多余的启动项也自动被删掉了。 
第二种方法 
手动修改/boot/grub/menu.lst   把多余的项删除。

linux刷新内存
清除页面缓存

  1. # sync; echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

清除目录项和inode  

  1. # sync; echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_cachesc 

清除页面换粗 目录项和inode

  1. # sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

swap清理

  1. swapoff -a && swapon -a


干完上面的事，就来说我们要来完成的编译安装percona的任务了
首先是下载到最新的安装包

  1. #cd /home

  2. # wget http://jaist.dl.sourceforge.net/project/boost/boost/1.59.0/boost_1_59_0.tar.gz

  3. # wget xxxx.cmake-3.3.2.tar.gz

  4. # wget xxxx.percona-server-5.7.13-6.tar.gz

  5. # wget xxxx/lib_MySQLudf_sys-master.zip

下载这么多安装，说明一下
MySQL currently requires boost_1_59_0
CMake 2.8.2 higher
这两个是编译percona-server-5.7.13-6的硬性要求，不然不给编译
CMake和boost_1_59_0安装编译都是很简单
CMake新的发行版本可能已经很高了，编译安装之前可以先查看一下，比CMake 2.8.2更新的版本可以不用安装也行了。

  1. # cmake --version

  2. cmake version 2.8.12.2

  1. CMake:

  2. # ./bootstrap

  3. # make&&make install

  4. boost_1_59_0:

  5. #tar -zxvf boost_1_59_0.tar.gz

  6. #mv  boost_1_59_0  /usr/local/boost

  7. # cd  /usr/local/boost

  8. # ./bootstrap.sh

  9. # ./b2

boost_1_59_0这个很伤，这个包好像很大，不过官方版本就集成boost_1_59_0的源码，percona好像还没。
照着前面写的步骤，然后慢慢的等就得了。这个编译坑，没个进度条。
gcc.compile.c++ bin.v2/libs/wave/build/gcc-4.4.7/release/link-static/threading-multi/cpplexer/re2clex/cpp_re.o
gcc.archive bin.v2/libs/wave/build/gcc-4.4.7/release/link-static/threading-multi/libboost_wave.a
common.copy stage/lib/libboost_wave.a
...failed updating 56 targets...
...skipped 6 targets...
...updated 1069 targets...
当完成到这一步就证明已经完成了boost_1_59_0的安装，这些都是准备工作。
现在来正式开始安装percona-server-5.7.13-6
①Set timezone(设置服务器的时区：亚洲上海)

  1. #Set timezone(设置服务器的时区：亚洲上海)

  2. rm -rf /etc/localtime

  3. ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime

  4. ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York /etc/localtime(这个是美帝时间额)

  5. # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York /etc/localtime
    # date
    Tue Aug  9 02:11:37 EDT 2016
    # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime
    # date
    Tue Aug  9 14:11:47 CST 2016

②Remove MySQL if exists mysql (删除服务器上已存在MySQL,切记数据库备份)
service mysql stop
rpm -qa|grep mysql
rpm -e mysql
yum -y remove mysql-server mysql mysql-libs
因为很多机器到手的时候可能被yum安装了数据库，这个的提前处理一下
③常用依赖安装
centos:
yum -y install patch make cmake gcc gcc-c++ gcc-g77 flex bison file libtool libtool-libs autoconf kernel-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel libpng10 libpng10-devel gd gd-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libevent libevent-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel vim-minimal nano fonts-chinese gettext gettext-devel ncurses-devel gmp-devel pspell-devel unzip libcap diffutils
debian:
yum -y install build-essential gcc g++ make cmake autoconf automake re2c wget cron bzip2 libzip-dev libc6-dev file rcconf flex vim nano bison m4 gawk less make cpp binutils diffutils unzip tar bzip2 libbz2-dev libncurses5 libncurses5-dev libtool libevent-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev libpcrecpp0 libssl-dev zlibc openssl libsasl2-dev libxml2 libxml2-dev libltdl3-dev libltdl-dev libmcrypt-dev zlib1g zlib1g-dev libbz2-1.0 libbz2-dev libglib2.0-0 libglib2.0-dev libpng3 libfreetype6 libfreetype6-dev libjpeg62 libjpeg62-dev libjpeg-dev libpng-dev libpng12-0 libpng12-dev curl libcurl3 libmhash3 libmhash-dev libpq-dev libpq5 gettext libncurses5-dev libcurl4-gnutls-dev libjpeg-dev libpng12-dev libxml2-dev zlib1g-dev libfreetype6 libfreetype6-dev libssl-dev libcurl3 libcurl4-openssl-dev libcurl4-gnutls-dev mcrypt libcap-dev diffutils ca-certificates debian-keyring debian-archive-keyring
ubuntu:
apt-get -yf install build-essential gcc g++ make cmake automake autoconf re2c wget cron bzip2 libzip-dev libc6-dev file rcconf flex vim nano bison m4 gawk less make cpp binutils diffutils unzip tar bzip2 libbz2-dev unrar p7zip libncurses5-dev libncurses5 libncurses5-dev libncurses5-dev libtool libevent-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev libpcrecpp0  libssl-dev zlibc openssl libsasl2-dev libltdl3-dev libltdl-dev libmcrypt-dev zlib1g zlib1g-dev libbz2-1.0 libbz2-dev libglib2.0-0 libglib2.0-dev libpng3 libjpeg62 libjpeg62-dev libjpeg-dev libpng-dev libpng12-0 libpng12-dev curl libcurl3 libmhash3 libmhash-dev libpq-dev libpq5 gettext libncurses5-dev libcurl4-gnutls-dev libjpeg-dev libpng12-dev libxml2-dev zlib1g-dev libfreetype6 libfreetype6-dev libssl-dev libcurl3 libcurl4-openssl-dev libcurl4-gnutls-dev mcrypt libcap-dev diffutils ca-certificates debian-keyring debian-archive-keyring

依赖很多，不一定每个都会用到，不过也没有就当更新一下软件吧
④MySQL账户创建
groupadd mysql
useradd -s /sbin/nologin -M -g mysql mysql

⑤创建MySQL数据库存放目录,日志目录也要单独给磁盘这样I/O分开压力会小一些，这里就放一起了
mkdir -p /home/database
chown -R mysql:mysql /home/database

⑥预编译camke
# cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql \
  -DSYSCONFDIR=/etc \
  -DENABLED_PROFILING=1 \
  -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/home/database \
  -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 \
  -DWITH_MYISAM_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
  -DWITH_PARTITION_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
  -DWITH_CSV_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
  -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
  -DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS=gbk,gb2312,utf8,ascii,utf8mb4 \
  -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
  -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
  -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
  -DWITH_EDITLINE=bundled \
  -DWITH_ZLIB=system \
  -DWITH_BOOST=/usr/local/boost

  1. 如果之前有出错先清理错误编译日志

  2. make clean

  3. rm CMakeCache.txt

  4. 完成这个步骤后，再cmake

  5. cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql \

  6.   -DSYSCONFDIR=/etc \

  7.   -DENABLED_PROFILING=1 \

  8.   -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/home/database \

  9.   -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 \

  10.   -DWITH_MYISAM_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \

  11.   -DWITH_PARTITION_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \

  12.   -DWITH_CSV_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \

  13.   -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \

  14.   -DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS=gbk,gb2312,utf8,ascii,utf8mb4 \

  15.   -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \

  16.   -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \

  17.   -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \

  18.   -DWITH_EDITLINE=bundled \

  19.   -DWITH_ZLIB=system \

  20.   -DWITH_BOOST=/usr/local/boost

  21. -- INSTALL perconaserverclient.pc lib/pkgconfig

  22. -- CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE: RelWithDebInfo

  23. -- COMPILE_DEFINITIONS: _GNU_SOURCE;_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64;HAVE_CONFIG_H

  24. -- CMAKE_C_FLAGS: -Wall -Wextra -Wformat-security -Wvla -Wwrite-strings -Wdeclaration-after-statement

  25. -- CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS: -Wall -Wextra -Wformat-security -Wvla -Woverloaded-virtual -Wno-unused-parameter

  26. -- CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO: -O3 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -fabi-version=2 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing -DDBUG_OFF

  27. -- CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO: -O3 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -fabi-version=2 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing -DDBUG_OFF

  28. -- Configuring done

  29. -- Generating done

  30. -- Build files have been written to: /home/percona-server-5.7.13-6

⑦编译
开始编译安装
make -j`grep processor /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l` && make install
这个100%安装完成后
cp support-files/my-default.cnf /etc/my.cnf
ln -sf /usr/local/mysql/lib/mysql /usr/lib/mysql
ln -sf /usr/local/mysql/include/mysql /usr/include/mysql
ln -sf /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql /usr/bin/mysql
ln -sf /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqldump /usr/bin/mysqldump
ln -sf /usr/local/mysql/bin/myisamchk /usr/bin/myisamchk
ln -sf /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe /usr/bin/mysqld_safe
这里搞这么多链接，也是为了不搞环境变量
cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql
chmod 700 /etc/init.d/mysql
chkconfig --add mysql 
chkconfig --level 35 mysql on
进去修改一下这两个，其余的就是配置文件的事情了，这里暂时不讨论
# These are commonly set, remove the # and set as required.
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /home/database
# port = .....
# server_id = .....
# socket = .....
⑧初始化数据库，并启动数据库修改掉随机密码
安装完成后，初始化数据库

  1. [root@DB-73 mysql]# rm -rf /home/database/*

  2. [root@DB-73 mysql]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/home/database

  3. 2016-08-05T07:21:48.113959Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).

  4. 2016-08-05T07:21:48.114054Z 0 [Warning] 'NO_ZERO_DATE', 'NO_ZERO_IN_DATE' and 'ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO' sql modes should be used with strict mode. They will be merged with strict mode in a future release.

  5. 2016-08-05T07:21:48.114066Z 0 [Warning] 'NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER' sql mode was not set.

  6. 2016-08-05T07:21:53.194657Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790

  7. 2016-08-05T07:21:54.195562Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.

  8. 2016-08-05T07:21:54.469438Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the

  9. first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 4941b58f-5add-11e6-8c4c-005056b36b6d.

  10. 2016-08-05T07:21:54.500735Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.

  11. 2016-08-05T07:21:54.502227Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: aXx!

# /etc/init.d/mysql start
Starting MySQL (Percona Server).. [ OK ]
# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.13-6
Copyright (c) 2009-2016 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use mysql;
mysql> alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'jiayifei';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>quit
⑨加装UDF
# cat lib_mysqludf_sys-master/lib_mysqludf_sys.sql

  1. [root@DB-73 lib_mysqludf_sys-master]# gcc -DMYSQL_DYNAMIC_PLUGIN -fPIC -Wall -I/usr/local/mysql/include -I. -shared lib_mysqludf_sys.c -o /usr/local/mysql/lib/mysql/plugin/lib_mysqludf_sys.so

  2. [root@DB-73 lib_mysqludf_sys-master]# mysql -uroot -p

  3. Enter password:

  4. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

  5. Your MySQL connection id is 4

  6. Server version: 5.7.13-6 Source distribution

  8. Copyright (c) 2009-2016 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates

  9. Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

  11. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

  12. affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

  13. owners.

  15. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

  17. mysql> DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS lib_mysqludf_sys_info;

  18. Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

  20. mysql> DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS sys_get;

  21. Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

  22. ......

⑩#添加防火墙
防火墙的3306端口默认没有开启，若要远程访问，需要开启这个端口
打开/etc/sysconfig/iptables
在“-A INPUT –m state --state NEW –m tcp –p –dport 22 –j ACCEPT”，下添加：
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p -dport 3306 -j ACCEPT
然后保存，并关闭该文件，在终端内运行下面的命令，刷新防火墙配置：
service iptables restart CentOS 7中默认使用Firewalld做防火墙，所以修改iptables后，在重启系统后，根本不管用。
Firewalld中添加端口方法如下：
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=3306/tcp --permanent
firewall-cmd --reload

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