Docker容器的基础操作
概述
Docker 是一个开源的应用容器引擎，让开发者可以打包他们的应用以及依赖包到一个可移植的容器中,然后发布到任何流行的Linux机器或Windows 机器上,也可以实现虚拟化,容器是完全使用沙箱机制,相互之间不会有任何接口。
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安装Docker
配置阿里云base源和epel源，安装Docker环境依赖
[root@youxi1 ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ [root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# mkdir back [root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# mv *.repo back/ //备份源 [root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo [root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo [root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all //清空yum缓存 [root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# yum list //生成缓存 [root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# cd [root@youxi1 ~]# yum -y install yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2 //安装依赖 [root@youxi1 ~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo //配置阿里云的Docker的yum源 |
安装Docker，启动并设置开机自启
[root@youxi1 ~]# yum -y install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io [root@youxi1 ~]# systemctl start docker [root@youxi1 ~]# systemctl enable docker Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service. [root@youxi1 ~]# docker version //显示Docker版本信息 Client: Docker Engine - Community Version: 19.03.2 API version: 1.40 Go version: go1.12.8 Git commit: 6a30dfc Built: Thu Aug 29 05:28:55 2019 OS/Arch: linux/amd64 Experimental: false Server: Docker Engine - Community Engine: Version: 19.03.2 API version: 1.40 (minimum version 1.12) Go version: go1.12.8 Git commit: 6a30dfc Built: Thu Aug 29 05:27:34 2019 OS/Arch: linux/amd64 Experimental: false containerd: Version: 1.2.6 GitCommit: 894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb runc: Version: 1.0.0-rc8 GitCommit: 425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f docker-init: Version: 0.18.0 GitCommit: fec3683 [root@youxi1 ~]# docker info //查看Docker信息，包括镜像和容器数 Client: Debug Mode: false Server: Containers: 0 //容器 Running: 0 //运行 Paused: 0 //暂停 Stopped: 0 //关闭 Images: 0 //镜像 Server Version: 19.03.2 //版本 Storage Driver: overlay2 //存储启动程序 Backing Filesystem: xfs //备份文件系统格式 Supports d_type: true Native Overlay Diff: true Logging Driver: json-file Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs Plugins: Volume: local Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog Swarm: inactive Runtimes: runc Default Runtime: runc Init Binary: docker-init containerd version: 894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb runc version: 425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f init version: fec3683 Security Options: seccomp Profile: default Kernel Version: 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core) OSType: linux Architecture: x86_64 CPUs: 4 Total Memory: 1.936GiB Name: youxi1 ID: FR4U:DHB6:QGST:B3SB:NHKD:GDBX:PZL3:2RSX:SUMM:WFZO:KPPU:W423 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker //Docker的主目录 Debug Mode: false Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/ Labels: Experimental: false Insecure Registries: 127.0.0.0/8 Live Restore Enabled: false |
一、查看本地容器进程
[root@docker ~]# docker ps -a #显示所有容器进程
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
9bd32b3b2ad0 hello-world "/hello" 20 hours ago Exited (0) 20 hours ago lucid_murdock
fb2d81c98cd2 hello-world "/hello" 3 weeks ago Exited (0) 3 weeks ago great_bartik
[root@docker ~]# docker ps #显示当前运行的容器进程
CONTAINER ID IMAGE 二、容器启动命令
[root@docker ~]# docker run --help
Usage: docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
OPTIONS：选项
-i : 表示启动一个可交互的容器，并持续打开标准输入
-t : 表示使用终端关联到容器的标准输入输出上
-d : 表示将容器放置后台运行
--rm : 退出后即删除容器
--name : 表示定义容器唯一名称
IMAGE: 表示要运行的镜像
COMMAND : 表示启动容器时运行的命令三、启动一个交互式的容器
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
alpine latest cc0abc535e36 13 days ago 5.59MB
zhoumingkang/alpine v3.10.3 cc0abc535e36 13 days ago 5.59MB
alpine 3.9.4 055936d39205 8 months ago 5.53MB
hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 12 months ago 1.84kB
[root@docker ~]# docker run -ti -- name mingkang-test alpine:latest /bin/sh
/ # ip addr
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
18: eth0@if19: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
link/ether 02:42:ac:07:05:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.7.5.2/24 brd 172.7.5.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
/ # cat /etc/issue
Welcome to Alpine Linux 3.11
Kernel \r on an \m (\l)
[root@docker ~]# docker ps #查看当前运行的容器进程
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
08b02f026afe alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 7 seconds ago Up 5 seconds mingkang-test 四、容器退出后即删除--rm（docker ps -a 查询不了记录）
[root@docker ~]# docker run --rm alpine:latest /bin/echo hello
hello五、以后台的形式运行一个容器-d
[root@docker ~]# docker run -d --name mingkang-test3 alpine:latest /bin/sleep 3000
744b31fbaadfc9605d5dbe8d302ef9bd3de8208142aa00c1feffd86804347b01
[root@docker ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
744b31fbaadf alpine:latest "/bin/sleep 3000" 18 seconds ago Up 17 seconds mingkang-test3六、进入一个容器exec
[root@docker ~]# docker exec -ti 744b31fbaadf /bin/sh #长长的字符串为容器ID
/ # ps
PID USER TIME COMMAND
1 root 0:00 /bin/sleep 3000
6 root 0:00 /bin/sh
11 root 0:00 ps
/ # 七、停止/重启/启动一个容器（stop/restart/start）
[root@docker ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
744b31fbaadf alpine:latest "/bin/sleep 3000" 3 minutes ago Up 3 minutes mingkang-test3
[root@docker ~]# docker stop 744b31fbaadf #容器的ID号
744b31fbaadf
[root@docker ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES八、删除docker ps 的内容
[root@docker ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
744b31fbaadf alpine:latest "/bin/sleep 3000" 12 minutes ago Exited (137) 8 minutes ago mingkang-test3
08b02f026afe alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 25 minutes ago Exited (0) 23 minutes ago mingkang-test
56760413d596 alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 28 minutes ago Exited (0) 27 minutes ago mingkang_test
eae500caa715 alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 34 minutes ago Exited (0) 29 minutes ago vigilant_boyd
c6fed43d8a09 alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 34 minutes ago Exited (0) 34 minutes ago keen_volhard
058aee8ef1eb alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 36 minutes ago Exited (0) 35 minutes ago quirky_morse
6d81bca654ab alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 37 minutes ago Exited (127) 36 minutes ago practical_torvalds
adc1a16a7bf6 alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 39 minutes ago Exited (0) 38 minutes ago unruffled_carson
20a5432e3266 alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 39 minutes ago Exited (0) 39 minutes ago elated_ellis
08bbe9c13d26 alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 40 minutes ago Exited (0) 40 minutes ago nifty_kalam
9bd32b3b2ad0 hello-world "/hello" 21 hours ago Exited (0) 21 hours ago lucid_murdock
fb2d81c98cd2 hello-world "/hello" 3 weeks ago Exited (0) 3 weeks ago great_bartik
[root@docker ~]# docker rm keen_volhard quirky_morse practical_torvalds unruffled_carson elated_ellis nifty_kalam lucid_murdock great_bartik
keen_volhard
quirky_morse
practical_torvalds
unruffled_carson
elated_ellis
nifty_kalam
lucid_murdock
great_bartik
[root@docker ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
744b31fbaadf alpine:latest "/bin/sleep 3000" 13 minutes ago Exited (137) 9 minutes ago mingkang-test3
08b02f026afe alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 26 minutes ago Exited (0) 24 minutes ago mingkang-test
56760413d596 alpine:latest "/bin/sh" 28 minutes ago Exited (0) 28 minutes ago mingkang_test
备注：如需删除在运行的容器，使用docker rm -f 容器名称/容器ID
循环全部删除：
for i in `docker ps -a | grep -i exited|awk '{print $1}'`;do docker rm -f $i;done九、容器的提交（把已写入内容的容器提交为镜像）
[root@docker ~]# docker run -d --name myalpine alpine:latest /bin/sleep 30000 #后台长时间运行一个容器
3ccd27be4d19a60f317d187ee99d7fcd76d368dccb0326f8789d6617fb39f457
[root@docker ~]# docker ps #查看运行的容器
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
3ccd27be4d19 alpine:latest "/bin/sleep 30000" 6 seconds ago Up 4 seconds myalpine
[root@docker ~]# docker exec -ti myalpine /bin/sh #以交互的方式进入容器
/ # ls
bin dev etc home lib media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
/ # touch hello.txt
/ # echo "hello world" > hello.txt
/ # cat hello.txt
hello world
[root@docker ~]# docker commit -p myalpine myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt
#把名称为myalpine的容器提交为一个新的镜像
sha256:3ce9b8b899ba2018c01ca88fba6c24da6ff1287905a4ff4c60e968f129a22863
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
myalpine latest_with_hello.txt 3ce9b8b899ba 20 seconds ago 5.59MB
alpine latest cc0abc535e36 13 days ago 5.59MB
zhoumingkang/alpine v3.10.3 cc0abc535e36 13 days ago 5.59MB
alpine 3.9.4 055936d39205 8 months ago 5.53MB
hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 12 months ago 1.84kB
#启动该myalpin:latest_with_hello.txt 镜像容器后，发现文件已经存在。十、容器的导出与加载
导出myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt
-----
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
myalpine latest_with_hello.txt 3ce9b8b899ba 20 minutes ago 5.59MB
alpine latest cc0abc535e36 13 days ago 5.59MB
zhoumingkang/alpine v3.10.3 cc0abc535e36 13 days ago 5.59MB
alpine 3.9.4 055936d39205 8 months ago 5.53MB
hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 12 months ago 1.84kB
[root@docker ~]# docker save myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt > myalpine-latest_with_hello.txt.tar
[root@docker ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg myalpine-latest_with_hello.txt.tar
-----
删除刚刚导出的镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker rmi myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt
Untagged: myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt
Deleted: sha256:3ce9b8b899ba2018c01ca88fba6c24da6ff1287905a4ff4c60e968f129a22863
Deleted: sha256:1d89a6f64295ef6889fef9ae917281e94d4d9e5c9b3eb98d5cc25c129f34f4b3
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
alpine latest cc0abc535e36 13 days ago 5.59MB
zhoumingkang/alpine v3.10.3 cc0abc535e36 13 days ago 5.59MB
alpine 3.9.4 055936d39205 8 months ago 5.53MB
hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 12 months ago 1.84kB
-----
重新加载该镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker load < myalpine-latest_with_hello.txt.tar
e63a9b4f5484: Loading layer [==================================================>] 3.584kB/3.584kB
Loaded image: myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
myalpine latest_with_hello.txt 3ce9b8b899ba 22 minutes ago 5.59MB
alpine latest cc0abc535e36 13 days ago 5.59MB
zhoumingkang/alpine v3.10.3 cc0abc535e36 13 days ago 5.59MB
alpine 3.9.4 055936d39205 8 months ago 5.53MB
hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 12 months ago 1.84kB十一、容器的日志查看
[root@docker ~]# docker run hello-world:latest #运行一个容器
Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
(amd64)
3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
to your terminal.
To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
$ docker run -it ubuntu bash
Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
https://hub.docker.com/
For more examples and ideas, visit:
https://docs.docker.com/get-started/
[root@docker ~]# docker ps -a | grep -i hello #查看曾经运行的进程
1c5c26a209d4 hello-world:latest "/hello" 12 seconds ago Exited (0) 10 seconds ago angry_ellis
[root@docker ~]# docker logs 1c5c26a209d4 #查看该容器运行的日志
Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
(amd64)
3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
to your terminal.
To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
$ docker run -it ubuntu bash
Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
https://hub.docker.com/
For more examples and ideas, visit:
https://docs.docker.com/get-started/
[root@docker ~]#
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