MySQL主从复制、读写分离、高可用集群搭建
MySQL主从复制、读写分离、高可用集群搭建
创新互联建站是一家专注网站建设、网络营销策划、微信小程序、电子商务建设、网络推广、移动互联开发、研究、服务为一体的技术型公司。公司成立十多年以来，已经为近千家成都隧道混凝土搅拌车各业的企业公司提供互联网服务。现在，服务的近千家客户与我们一路同行，见证我们的成长；未来，我们一起分享成功的喜悦。
一、服务介绍
1.1 Keepalived
Keepalived，见名知意，即保持存活，其目的是解决单点故障，当一台服务器宕机或者故障时自动切换到其他的服务器中。Keepalived是基于VRRP协议实现的。VRRP协议是用于实现路由器冗余的协议，VRRP协议将两台或多台路由器设备虚拟成虚拟设备，可以对外提供虚拟路由器IP(一个或多个)，即漂移IP（VIP）。
1.2 ProxySQL
ProxySQL是一个高性能，高可用性的MySQL代理服务，用于实现数据库的代理和读写分离的功能。
1.3 Mariadb
Mariadb是多用户，多线程的SQL数据库服务器。它是C/S架构，即client/server，客服端/服务端架构。MariaDB基于事务的Maria存储引擎，使用了Percona的 XtraDB，InnoDB的变体，性能十分的强大。mariadb由开源社区维护，采用GPL授权许可，完全兼容MySQL。
1.4 MHA
MHA（Master HA）是一款开源的 MySQL 的高可用程序，它为 MySQL 主从复制架构提供 automating master failover 功能。MHA 在监控到 master 节点故障时，会提升其中拥有最新数据的 slave节点成为新的master节点，在此期间，MHA会通过于其它从节点获取额外信息来避免一致性方面的问题。MHA 还提供了master节点的在线切换功能，即按需切换master/slave节点。
二、架构要求
2.1 架构要求
实现MsySQL数据库服务器主从复制、主从高可用、读写分离、ProxySQL高可用的功能。
2.2 系统版本选择
OS:centos7.3
Kernel：3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64
Archive：X86_64
2.3 部署环境
三、Linux系统环境查看
3.1 查看服务器硬件信息
dmidecode | grep "Product Name"
3.2 查看 CPU CPU型号
lscpu | grep "Model name"
3.3 查看CPU个数
lscpu | grep "^CPU(s)"
3.4 查看内存大小
free -h | grep Mem|awk '{print $2}'四、系统初始化
4.1 清空防火墙规则
iptables -F
4.2 关闭防火墙或者定义防火墙规则（这里为了实验方便、选择关闭）
systemctl stop firewalld.service systemctl disable firewalld.service
4.3 关闭Selinux
sed -i 's@SELINUX=enforcing@SELINUX=disabled@g' /etc/selinux/config setenforce 0
4.4 关闭NetworkManager
systemctl stop NetworkManager systemctl disable NetworkManager
4.5 时间同步
ntpdate 172.16.0.1
4.6 hosts文件修改
192.168.0.51 node1 192.168.0.52 node2 192.168.0.53 node3 192.168.0.54 node4 192.168.0.55 node5 192.168.0.56 node6
4.7 设置主机名
hostnamectl set-hostname node1 hostnamectl set-hostname node2 hostnamectl set-hostname node3 hostnamectl set-hostname node4 hostnamectl set-hostname node5 hostnamectl set-hostname node6
4.8 分发sshkey（node3上操作）
#创建密钥 [root@node3 ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa -P '' #分发公钥到每一台主机 ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node3 ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node1 ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node2 ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node4 ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node5 ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node6 #将私钥和公钥发往其他六个节点，保证各节点基于密钥通信 [root@node3 ~]# scp .ssh/id_rsa .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node1:/root/.ssh/ id_rsa 100% 1675 1.6KB/s 00:00 id_rsa.pub 100% 392 0.4KB/s 00:00 [root@node3 ~]# scp .ssh/id_rsa .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node2:/root/.ssh/ id_rsa 100% 1675 1.6KB/s 00:00 id_rsa.pub 100% 392 0.4KB/s 00:00 [root@node3 ~]# scp .ssh/id_rsa .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node4:/root/.ssh/ id_rsa 100% 1675 1.6KB/s 00:00 id_rsa.pub 100% 392 0.4KB/s 00:00 [root@node3 ~]# scp .ssh/id_rsa .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node5:/root/.ssh/ id_rsa 100% 1675 1.6KB/s 00:00 id_rsa.pub 100% 392 0.4KB/s 00:00 [root@node3 ~]# scp .ssh/id_rsa .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node6:/root/.ssh/ id_rsa 100% 1675 1.6KB/s 00:00 id_rsa.pub 100% 392 0.4KB/s 00:00
五、环境部署
5.1 主从复制配置（node3、node4、node5、node6）
1 安装Mariadb（4个节点）
yum install mariadb mariadb-server -y
2 主节点Mariadb服务配置
vim /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf [mysqld] innodb_file_per_table=ON skip_name_resolve=ON server_id = 1 log_bin = log-bin
3 启动服务
systemctl start mariadb.service
4 创建主从配置账号
grant all privileges on *.* to 'michael'@'192.168.0.%' identified by 'password'; grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to 'repuser'@'192.168.0.%' identified by 'repass'; flush privileges;
5 其他从节点Mariadb服务配置
#node3 [mysqld] innodb_file_per_table=ON skip_name_resolve=ON server_id = 11 relay_log=relay-log read_only=ON #node4 [mysqld] innodb_file_per_table=ON skip_name_resolve=ON server_id = 12 relay_log=relay-log read_only=ON #node5 [mysqld] innodb_file_per_table=ON skip_name_resolve=ON server_id = 13 relay_log=relay-log read_only=ON
6 全部启动服务
systemctl start mariadb.service
7 主节点查看日志文件
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW MASTER LOGS; +----------------+-----------+ | Log_name | File_size | +----------------+-----------+ | log-bin.000001 | 30331 | | log-bin.000002 | 1038814 | | log-bin.000003 | 899 | +----------------+-----------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
8 建立主从复制关系
#从节点建立主从关系 CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.0.53',MASTER_USER='repuser',MASTER_PASSWORD='repass',MASTER_LOG_FILE='log-bin.000003',MASTER_LOG_POS=899; #启动SLAVE START SLAVE ; MariaDB [(none)]> START SLAVE ; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) #查看slave状态，确认主从复制是否配置成功（从节点都需要配置） MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW SLAVE STATUS\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.0.53 Master_User: repuser Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: log-bin.000003 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 899 Relay_Log_File: relay-log.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 527 Relay_Master_Log_File: log-bin.000003 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 899 Relay_Log_Space: 815 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 1
9 测试主从复制
#主节点创建数据库hellodb MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE hellodb; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW DATABASES; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | hellodb | | mysql | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ #各个从节点查看，显示hellodb数据库存在，主从配置成功 MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW DATABASES; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | hellodb | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.2 读写分离配置
1 Keepalived、ProxySQL、Mariadb安装
yum install keepalived mariadb -y wget -c ftp://172.16.0.1/pub/Sources/7.x86_64/proxysql/proxysql-1.3.6-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm yum install proxysql-1.3.6-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm -y
2 配置ProxySQL
[root@node1 keepalived]# cat /etc/proxysql.cnf
datadir="/var/lib/proxysql"
#管理配置段
admin_variables=
{
admin_credentials="admin:admin"
mysql_ifaces="127.0.0.1:6032;/tmp/proxysql_admin.sock"
}
#MySQL变量配置段
mysql_variables=
{
threads=4
max_connections=2048
default_query_delay=0
default_query_timeout=36000000
have_compress=true
poll_timeout=2000
interfaces="0.0.0.0:3306;/tmp/proxysql.sock"
default_schema="information_schema"
stacksize=1048576
server_version="5.5.30"
connect_timeout_server=3000
monitor_history=600000
monitor_connect_interval=60000
monitor_ping_interval=10000
monitor_read_only_interval=1500
monitor_read_only_timeout=500
ping_interval_server=120000
ping_timeout_server=500
commands_stats=true
sessions_sort=true
connect_retries_on_failure=10
}
#MySQL服务配置段
mysql_servers =
(
{
address = "192.168.0.53" # no default, required . If port is 0 , address is interpred as a Unix Socket Domain
port = 3306 # no default, required . If port is 0 , address is interpred as a Unix Socket Domain
hostgroup = 0 # master node
status = "ONLINE" # default: ONLINE
weight = 1 # default: 1
compression = 0 # default: 0
},
{
address="192.168.0.54"
port=3306
hostgroup=1 #slave node
status = "ONLINE" # default: ONLINE
weight = 1 # default: 1
compression = 0 # default: 0
},
{
address="192.168.0.55"
port=3306
hostgroup=1 #slave node
status = "ONLINE" # default: ONLINE
weight = 1 # default: 1
compression = 0 # default: 0
},
{
address="192.168.0.56"
port=3306
hostgroup=1 #slave node
status = "ONLINE" # default: ONLINE
weight = 1 # default: 1
compression = 0 # default: 0
}
)
#MySQL用户配置段
mysql_users:
(
{
username = "michael" # no default , required
password = "password" # default: ''
default_hostgroup = 0 # default: 0
max_connections=1000
defult_schema="test"
active = 1 # default: 1
}
)
mysql_query_rules:
(
)
scheduler=
(
)
#MySQL读写配置段
mysql_replication_hostgroups=
(
{
writer_hostgroup=0
reader_hostgroup=1
}
)3 启动ProxySQL
[root@node1]# service proxysql start Starting ProxySQL: DONE! [root@node2 init.d]# ss -tnl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6032 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* LISTEN 0 1024 *:3306 *:* LISTEN 0 1024 *:3306 *:* LISTEN 0 1024 *:3306 *:* LISTEN 0 1024 *:3306 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
4 node1连接测试，连接成功
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -umichael -ppassword -h 192.168.0.153 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 387 Server version: 5.5.52-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
node2配置和node1配置如出一辙。
5.3 ProxySQL高可用配置
1 node1 keepalived.conf配置
[root@node1 ~]# cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
notification_email {
root@localhost
}
notification_email_from keepalived@localhost
smtp_server 127.0.0.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id node1
vrrp_mcast_group4 224.1.101.114
}
#服务器宕机，既执行降级，切换服务器；否则退出。
vrrp_script chk_down{
script "[[ -f /etc/keepalived/down ]] && exit 1 || exit 0"
interval 1
weight -10
fall 1
rize 1
}
#健康状态检测脚本，检测proxysql是否存活
vrrp_script chk_proxysql {
script "killall -0 proxysql && exit 0 || exit 1"
interval 1
weight -10
fall 1
rise 1
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER
interface ens33
virtual_router_id 51
priority 100
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass fs3D4Gr
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.0.100/24 dev ens33 label ens33:0
}
#调用脚本
track_script {
chk_down
chk_proxysql
}
notify_master "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master"
notify_backup "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh backup"
notify_fault "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault"
}这里设定了虚拟IP（VIP），因此需要将prosql.conf配置文件内的IP更改，注意node1、node2都需要更改。
mysql_ifaces="192.168.0.100:6032;/tmp/proxysql_admin.sock" interfaces="192.168.0.100:3306;/tmp/proxysql.sock"
2 通知脚本（notify.sh）,用于通知服务器故障转移。
[root@node1 keepalived]# cat notify.sh
#!/bin/bash
#
contact='root@localhost'
notify() {
mailsubject="vrrp:$(hostname) to be $1"
mailbody="$(hostname) to be $1,vrrp transition, $(date)."
echo "$mailbody" | mail -s "$mailsubject" $contact
}
case $1 in
master)
notify master
service proxysql start
;;
backup)
notify backup
service proxysql start
;;
fault)
notify fault
service proxysql stop
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $(basename $0) {master|backup|fault}"
exit 1
;;
esac3 node2 keepalived.conf配置
[root@node2 keepalived]# cat keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
notification_email {
root@localhost
}
notification_email_from keepalived@localhost
smtp_server 127.0.0.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id node2
vrrp_mcast_group4 224.1.101.114
}
#服务器宕机，既执行降级，切换服务器；否则退出。
vrrp_script chk_down{
script "[[ -f /etc/keepalived/down ]] && exit 1 || exit 0"
interval 1
weight -10
fall 1
rize 1
}
#健康状态检测脚本，检测proxysql是否存活
vrrp_script chk_proxysql {
script "killall -0 proxysql && exit 0 || exit 1"
interval 1
weight -10
fall 1
rise 1
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER
interface ens33
virtual_router_id 51
priority 90
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass fs3D4Gr
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.0.100/24 dev ens33 label ens33:0
}
#调用脚本
track_script {
chk_down
chk_proxysql
}
notify_master "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master"
notify_backup "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh backup"
notify_fault "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault"
}notify.sh脚本同上面保持一致。此时高可用已经配置完成，当然你可以通过停止某个节点的服务来测试高可用是否实现。
5.4 通过MHA实现MySQL主节点高可用
MHA服务有两种角色，MHA Manager(管理节点)和 MHA Node(数据节点)。
MHAManager，通常单独部署在一台独立机器上管理多个master/slave 集群，每master/slave 集群称作一个application。
MHA node：运行在每台MySQL服务器上(master/slave/manager)，它通过监控，具备解析和清理 logs功能的脚本来加快故障转移。
MHA需要基于SSH通信，这个我们在一开始的环境部署就配置好了。
1 下载MHA安装包（管理包、数据包）
wget -c http://192.168.0.123/install_package/down/Sources/mha/mha4mysql-manager-0.56-0.el6.noarch.rpm wget -c http://192.168.0.123/install_package/down/Sources/mha/mha4mysql-node-0.56-0.el6.noarch.rpm
2 node1、node2做MHA管理节点并做高可用，因此在node1、node2安装mha所有rpm包
yum install -y mha4mysql*
3 其他节点安装mha数据节点rpm安装包
yum install mha4mysql-node-0.56-0.el6.noarch.rpm -y
MHA manager管理节点管理其他的MHA node数据节点需要配置一个配置文件用于定义管理事项。全局配置文件默认为/etc/masterha_default.cnf，其为可选配置。如果是仅有一组Application，我们可以自定义一个配置文件。
本文将使用以下路径的配置文件。
4 node1、node2都需要执行如下的操作
mkdir /etc/masterha vim /etc/masterha/app1.cnf
5 自定义的管理配置文件app1.cnf配置
[root@node1 ~]# cat /etc/masterha/app1.cnf [server default] user=michael password=password manager_workdir=/data/masterha/app1 manager_log=/data/masterha/app1/manager.log remote_workdir=/data/masterha/app1 ssh_user=root repl_user=repladmin repl_password=replpass ping_interval=1 [server1] hostname=192.168.0.53 candidate_master=1 [server2] hostname=192.168.0.54 candidate_master=1 [server3] hostname=192.168.0.55 candidate_master=1 [server4] hostname=192.168.0.56 candidate_master=1
6 检测各节点SSH通信是否成功
masterha_check_ssh --conf=/etc/masterha/app1.cnf #最后一行输出如下信息，表示通过检测。 [info] All SSH connection tests passed successfully.
7 修改主节点（node3）和从节点（node4、5、6）的配置
#主节点master配置： [mysqld] innodb_file_per_table=ON skip_name_resolve=ON server_id = 1 log_bin = log-bin relay-log=relay-bin
8 修改所有slave节点依赖的配置
[mysqld] innodb_file_per_table=ON skip_name_resolve=ON server_id = 11 #id根据不同node做相应地修改 relay_log=relay-log read_only=ON log_bin = log-bin relay_log_purge=0
9 检查MySQL的复制集群是否通信成功
masterha_check_repl --conf=/etc/masterha/app1.cnf
10 如果成功，则启动MHA
nohup masterha_manager --conf=/etc/masterha/app1.cnf >/data/masterha/app1/manager.log 2>&1 &
11 查看master节点的当前状态
[root@node1 ~]# masterha_check_status --conf=/etc/masterha/app1.cnf app1 (pid:75846) is running(0:PING_OK), master:192.168.0.53
此时配置已经完成，这时候我们可以模拟一下数据库主节点（node3）的故障用来测试MHA高可用功能是否实现。一旦我们主节点因为某种原因发生故障，就被自动转移其他的节点成为主节点。而这个时候，我们需要立即在新的主节点中进行备份操作。而此时的故障节点就应该立即进行故障处理，恢复正常。一旦恢复正常，我们就应该导入数据库的备份文件，也需要将故障节点的mysql配置文件修改成从服务器的配置属性，使其成为从节点。主从配置上面已有介绍，因此我就不啰嗦了。
分享名称：MySQL主从复制、读写分离、高可用集群搭建
链接URL：http://azwzsj.com/article/ispehe.html
