Golang依赖关联工具：glide从入门到精通使用
介绍
不论是开发Java还是你正在学习的Golang，都会遇到依赖管理问题。Java有牛逼轰轰的Maven和Gradle。 Golang亦有godep、govendor、glide、gvt、gopack等等，本文主要给大家介绍gilde。 glide是Golang的包管理工具，是为了解决Golang依赖问题的。
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安装
Golang环境设置
Golang 1.5版本后才采用vendor目录特性。
//设置环境变量使用vendor目录 GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1
安装glide
$ go get github.com/Masterminds/glide $ go install github.com/Masterminds/glide
验证
$ glide
NAME:
glide -Vendor Package Management for your Go projects.
Each projectshould have a 'glide.yaml' file in the project directory. Files
looksomething like this:
package:github.com/Masterminds/glide
imports:
-package: github.com/Masterminds/cookoo
version: 1.1.0
-package: github.com/kylelemons/go-gypsy
subpackages:
- yaml
For moredetails on the 'glide.yaml' files see the documentation at
https://glide.sh/docs/glide.yaml
USAGE:
glide [globaloptions] command [command options] [arguments...]
VERSION:
0.13.0-dev
COMMANDS:
create,init Initialize a new project,creating a glide.yaml file
config-wizard, cw Wizard thatmakes optional suggestions to improve config in a glide.yaml file.
get Install one or more packagesinto `vendor/` and add dependency to glide.yaml.
remove,rm Remove a package from theglide.yaml file, and regenerate the lock file.
import Import files from other dependencymanagement systems.
name Print the name of this project.
novendor,nv List all non-vendor paths in adirectory.
rebuild Rebuild ('gobuild') the dependencies
install,i Install a project'sdependencies
update,up Update a project'sdependencies
tree (Deprecated) Tree prints thedependencies of this project as a tree.
list List prints all dependenciesthat the present code references.
info Info prints information aboutthis project
cache-clear, cc Clears theGlide cache.
about Learn about Glide
mirror Manage mirrors
help,h Shows a list of commands orhelp for one command
GLOBAL OPTIONS:
--yaml value,-y value Set a YAML configuration file.(default: "glide.yaml")
--quiet,-q Quiet (no info or debugmessages)
--debug Print debug verboseinformational messages
--homevalue The location of Glidefiles (default: "/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide") [$GLIDE_HOME]
--tmpvalue The temp directory touse. Defaults to systems temp [$GLIDE_TMP]
--no-color Turn offcolored output for log messages
--help,-h show help
--version,-v print the version看到这样，那就恭喜你，已经安装成功了！！！
使用
篇幅有限，我只介绍经常使用到的。先进入在GOPATH的一个项目中。
cd $GOPATH/src/foor
初始化 (glide init)
$ glide init
[INFO] Generating a YAML configuration file and guessing the dependencies
[INFO] Attempting to import from other package managers (use --skip-import toskip)
[INFO] Scanningcode to look for dependencies
[INFO] -->Found reference to github.com/urfave/cli
[INFO] Writingconfiguration file (glide.yaml)
[INFO] Wouldyou like Glide to help you find ways to improve your glide.yaml configuration?
[INFO] If youwant to revisit this step you can use the config-wizard command at any time.
[INFO] Yes (Y)or No (N)?
Y
[INFO] Loadingmirrors from mirrors.yaml file
[INFO] Lookingfor dependencies to make suggestions on
[INFO] -->Scanning for dependencies not using version ranges
[INFO] -->Scanning for dependencies using commit ids
[INFO] Gathering information on each dependency
[INFO] -->This may take a moment. Especially on a codebase with many dependencies
[INFO] -->Gathering release information for dependencies
[INFO] -->Looking for dependency imports where versions are commit ids
[INFO] Here aresome suggestions...
[INFO] Thepackage github.com/urfave/cli appears to have Semantic Version releases(http://semver.org).
[INFO] Thelatest release is v1.19.1. You are currently not using a release. Would youlike
[INFO] to usethis release? Yes (Y) or No (N)
Y
[INFO] Wouldyou like to remember the previous decision and apply it to future
[INFO] dependencies? Yes (Y) or No (N)
Y
[INFO] Updatinggithub.com/urfave/cli to use the release v1.19.1 instead of no release
[INFO] Thepackage github.com/urfave/cli appears to use semantic versions(http://semver.org).
[INFO] Wouldyou like to track the latest minor or patch releases (major.minor.patch)?
[INFO] Trackingminor version releases would use '>= 1.19.1, < 2.0.0' ('^1.19.1').Tracking patch version
[INFO] releaseswould use '>= 1.19.1, < 1.20.0' ('~1.19.1'). For more information onGlide versions
[INFO] andranges see https://glide.sh/docs/versions
[INFO] Minor(M), Patch (P), or Skip Ranges (S)?
P
[INFO] Wouldyou like to remember the previous decision and apply it to future
[INFO] dependencies? Yes (Y) or No (N)
Y
[INFO] Updatinggithub.com/urfave/cli to use the range ~1.19.1 instead of commit id v1.19.1
[INFO] Configuration changes have been made. Would you like to write these
[INFO] changesto your configuration file? Yes (Y) or No (N)
Y
[INFO] Writingupdates to configuration file (glide.yaml)
[INFO] You cannow edit the glide.yaml file.:
[INFO] -->For more information on versions and ranges see https://glide.sh/docs/versions/
[INFO] -->For details on additional metadata see https://glide.sh/docs/glide.yaml/
$ ll
glide.yaml
$ cat glide.yaml
package: foor
import: []在初始化过程中， glide 会询问一些问题。 glide.yaml记载了依赖包的列表及其更新规则，每次执行 glide up 时，都会按照指定的规则（如只下载补丁(patch)不下载升级(minor)）下载新版。
一个完整的gilde.yaml
package: foor homepage:https://github.com/qiangmzsx license: MIT owners: -name: qiangmzsx email: qiangmzsx@hotmail.com homepage:https://github.com/qiangmzsx # 去除包 ignore: - appengine - golang.org/x/net # 排除目录 excludeDirs: - node_modules # 导入包 import: -package:github.com/astaxie/beego version: 1.8.0 -package:github.com/coocood/freecache -package:github.com/garyburd/redigo/redis -package:github.com/go-sql-driver/MySQL -package:github.com/bitly/go-simplejson -package:git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache testImport: -package: github.com/smartystreets/goconvey subpackages: - convey
很多人看着yaml很不习惯，没事，我转一下json给大家看看。
{
"excludeDirs":[
"node_modules"
],
"owners":[
{
"homepage":"https://github.com/qiangmzsx",
"name":"qiangmzsx",
"email":"qiangmzsx@hotmail.com"
}
],
"license":"MIT",
"package":"foor",
"ignore":[
"appengine",
"golang.org/x/net"
],
"import":[
{
"version":"1.8.0",
"package":"github.com/astaxie/beego"
},
{
"package":"github.com/coocood/freecache"
},
{
"package":"github.com/garyburd/redigo/redis"
},
{
"package":"github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
},
{
"package":"github.com/bitly/go-simplejson"
},
{
"package":"git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache"
}
],
"testImport":[
{
"subpackages":[
"convey"
],
"package":"github.com/smartystreets/goconvey"
}
],
"homepage":"https://github.com/qiangmzsx"
}版本号指定规则
=: equal (aliasedto no operator) !=: not equal >: greater than <: less than >=: greater than or equal to <=: less than or equal to 1.2 - 1.4.5 which is equivalent to >= 1.2, <=1.4.5 2.3.4 - 4.5 which is equivalent to >= 2.3.4, <=4.5 1.2.x is equivalent to >= 1.2.0, < 1.3.0 >= 1.2.x is equivalent to >= 1.2.0 <= 2.x is equivalent to < 3 * is equivalent to >= 0.0.0 ~1.2.3 is equivalent to >= 1.2.3, < 1.3.0 ~1 is equivalent to >= 1, < 2 ~2.3 is equivalent to >= 2.3, < 2.4 ~1.2.x is equivalent to >= 1.2.0, < 1.3.0 ~1.x is equivalent to >= 1, < 2 ^1.2.3 is equivalent to >= 1.2.3, < 2.0.0 ^1.2.x is equivalent to >= 1.2.0, < 2.0.0 ^2.3 is equivalent to >= 2.3, < 3 ^2.x is equivalent to >= 2.0.0, < 3
’‘指定版本报错，需要用’’指定的可以不填写
安装依赖 (glide install)
glide.yaml我们已经准备好了，现在就改安装一下试试。
$ glide install [ERROR] Failed to parse/home/users/xxxx/golang/src/foor/glide.yaml: yaml: invalid leading UTF-8 octet 报错了！别担心看看你的yaml文件是否为utf-8编码，不是就转换一下就好啦！ $ glide install [INFO] Lockfile (glide.lock) does not exist. Performing update. [INFO] Downloading dependencies. Please wait... [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/astaxie/beego [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/coocood/freecache [INFO] -->Fetching updates for git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/bitly/go-simplejson [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/garyburd/redigo [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/smartystreets/goconvey [INFO] -->Detected semantic version. Setting version for github.com/astaxie/beego tov1.8.0 [INFO] Resolving imports [INFO] Downloading dependencies. Please wait... [INFO] Settingreferences for remaining imports [INFO] Exporting resolved dependencies... [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/astaxie/beego [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/coocood/freecache [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/bitly/go-simplejson [INFO] --> Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/garyburd/redigo [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/smartystreets/goconvey [INFO] -->Exporting git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache [INFO] Replacing existing vendor dependencies [INFO] Projectrelies on 6 dependencies. $ ll total 12 glide.lock glide.yaml vendor $ ll vendor/ git.oschina.net github.com
看到glide.look了吗，这个文件记载了依赖包确定的revision, 下次再执行 glide install 时，会直接读这个文件下载确定的版本。
升级版本 (glide up)
glide up 会按照语义化版本规则更新依赖包代码，开发过程中如果需要使用新版代码，可以执行这个命令：修改一下glide.yaml中的一个Package.
- package:github.com/astaxie/beego version: 1.8.3
执行glide up。
$ glide up [INFO] Downloading dependencies. Please wait... [INFO] -->Fetching updates for git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/garyburd/redigo [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/astaxie/beego [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/bitly/go-simplejson [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/coocood/freecache [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/smartystreets/goconvey [INFO] -->Detected semantic version. Setting version for github.com/astaxie/beego tov1.8.3 [INFO] Resolving imports [INFO] Downloading dependencies. Please wait... [INFO] Settingreferences for remaining imports [INFO] Exporting resolved dependencies... [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/astaxie/beego [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/bitly/go-simplejson [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/garyburd/redigo [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/coocood/freecache [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/smartystreets/goconvey [INFO] -->Exporting git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache [INFO] Replacing existing vendor dependencies [INFO] Projectrelies on 6 dependencies.
添加并下载依赖 (glide get)
除了自动从代码中解析 import 外，glide 还可以通过 glide get 直接下载代码中没有的依赖，与 go get 的用法基本一致：
$ glide getgithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map [INFO] Preparing to install 1 package. [INFO] Attempting to get package github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map [INFO] -->Gathering release information for github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map [INFO] -->Adding github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map to your configuration [INFO] Downloading dependencies. Please wait... [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/garyburd/redigo [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/astaxie/beego [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql [INFO] -->Fetching updates for git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/bitly/go-simplejson [INFO] -->Fetching github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/coocood/freecache [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/smartystreets/goconvey [INFO] Resolving imports [INFO] Downloading dependencies. Please wait... [INFO] -->Detected semantic version. Setting version for github.com/astaxie/beego tov1.8.3 [INFO] Exporting resolved dependencies... [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/smartystreets/goconvey [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/garyburd/redigo [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/astaxie/beego [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/bitly/go-simplejson [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/coocood/freecache [INFO] -->Exporting git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache [INFO] Replacing existing vendor dependencies
使用镜像 (glide mirror)
[WARN] Unable to checkout golang.org/x/crypto [ERROR] Update failed for golang.org/x/crypto: Cannotdetect VCS [ERROR] Failed to do initial checkout of config:Cannot detect VCS
这几行信息估计很多人都是遇到过的。在我天朝或者在公司内部都可能不能访问一些站点，导致很Golang的依赖包不能通过go get下载。此时也就是glide大发神威的时候到了，可以通过配置将墙了的版本库 URL 映射到没被墙的 URL，甚至也可以映射到本地版本库。将golang.org映射到github: 修改glide.yaml加入
- package:golang.org/x/crypto
如果你的网络可以访问就不需要使用glide镜像功能，可以跳过。
$ glide mirrorset golang.org/x/crypto github.com/golang/crypto [INFO] golang.org/x/crypto being set to github.com/golang/crypto [INFO] mirrors.yaml written with changes $ glide up [INFO] Loadingmirrors from mirrors.yaml file [INFO] Downloading dependencies. Please wait... [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map [INFO] -->Fetching golang.org/x/crypto [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/astaxie/beego [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/garyburd/redigo [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/coocood/freecache [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/bitly/go-simplejson [INFO] -->Fetching updates for git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/smartystreets/goconvey [INFO] -->Detected semantic version. Setting version for github.com/astaxie/beego tov1.8.3 [INFO] Resolving imports [INFO] Downloading dependencies. Please wait... [INFO] Settingreferences for remaining imports [INFO] Exporting resolved dependencies... [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/astaxie/beego [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/coocood/freecache [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/smartystreets/goconvey [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/garyburd/redigo [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/bitly/go-simplejson [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map [INFO] -->Exporting golang.org/x/crypto [INFO] -->Exporting git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache [INFO] Replacing existing vendor dependencies [INFO] Projectrelies on 8 dependencies. $ ll vendor/ git.oschina.net github.com golang.org
终于看到golang.org啦！！！细心的你一定已经发现了
[INFO] mirrors.yaml written with changes
说明执行glide mirror时候镜像配置写入到的是$HOME/.glide/mirrors.yaml中，打开看看。
repos: -original: golang.org/x/crypto repo: github.com/golang/crypto
还可以映射到本地目录。推荐大家可以去https://www.golangtc.com/download/package下载很多Golang类库。现在我去下载了：https://www.golangtc.com/static/download/packages/golang.org.x.text.tar.gz，解压到本地目录/home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text。
$ glide mirrorset golang.org/x/text /home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text [INFO] golang.org/x/textbeing set to /home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text [INFO] mirrors.yaml written with changes $ glide up [INFO] Loadingmirrors from mirrors.yaml file [INFO] Downloading dependencies. Please wait... [INFO] -->Fetching golang.org/x/text [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/garyburd/redigo [INFO] -->Fetching updates for git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/astaxie/beego [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/bitly/go-simplejson [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/coocood/freecache [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map [INFO] -->Fetching updates for golang.org/x/crypto [INFO] -->Fetching updates for github.com/smartystreets/goconvey [INFO] -->Detected semantic version. Setting version for github.com/astaxie/beego tov1.8.3 [INFO] Resolving imports [INFO] Downloading dependencies. Please wait... [INFO] Settingreferences for remaining imports [INFO] Exporting resolved dependencies... [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/astaxie/beego [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/bitly/go-simplejson [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/coocood/freecache [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/smartystreets/goconvey [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/garyburd/redigo [INFO] -->Exporting github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map [INFO] -->Exporting golang.org/x/text [INFO] -->Exporting golang.org/x/crypto [INFO] -->Exporting git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache [INFO] Replacing existing vendor dependencies [INFO] Projectrelies on 9 dependencies.
全局选项
运行glide，在最后就可以看到
GLOBAL OPTIONS: --yaml value,-y value Set a YAML configuration file.(default: "glide.yaml") --quiet,-q Quiet (no info or debugmessages) --debug Print debug verboseinformational messages --homevalue The location of Glidefiles (default: "/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide") [$GLIDE_HOME] --tmpvalue The temp directory touse. Defaults to systems temp [$GLIDE_TMP] --no-color Turn offcolored output for log messages --help,-h show help --version,-v print the version
如果大家想把glide的yaml文件换别的默认名称可以执行
$ glide -y qiangmzsx.yaml
在官网中会看到一个GLIDE_HOME变量，该变量就是/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide。这个目录之前有提到过，除了包含有mirrors.yaml还有一个很重要的目录cache本地 cache,每次更新代码时， glide 都会在本地保存 cache，以备下次 glide install 使用。
GLIDE_HOME可以通过如下命令修改。
$ glide --home /home/glide
总结
除了上述说到的功能，glide还有很多好的功能，后续有机会在写出来吧。
总结一下，glide是一款功能丰富，完全满足需求的依赖管理工具，强烈大家使用。
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