asp.netcore的认证和授权
在asp.net core中,微软提供了基于认证(Authentication)和授权(Authorization)的方式,来实现权限管理的,本篇博文,介绍基于固定角色的权限管理和自定义角色权限管理,本文内容,更适合传统行业的BS应用,而非互联网应用。
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在asp.net core中,我们认证(Authentication)通常是在Login的Post Action中进行用户名或密码来验证用户是否正确,如果通过验证,即该用户就会获得一个或几个特定的角色,通过ClaimTypes.Role来存储角色,从而当一个请求到达时,用这个角色和Controller或Action上加的特性 [Authorize(Roles = "admin,system")]来授权是否有权访问该Action。本文中的自定义角色,会把验证放在中间件中进行处理。
固定角色:
即把角色与具体的Controller或Action直接关联起来,整个系统中的角色是固定的,每种角色可以访问那些Controller或Action也是固定的,这做法比较适合小型项目,角色分工非常明确的项目。
项目代码:
https://github.com/axzxs2001/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/tree/master/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86/RolePrivilegeManagement
始于startup.cs
需要在ConfigureServices中注入Cookie的相关信息,options是CookieAuthenticationOptions,关于这个类型提供如下属性,可参考:https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/security/authentication/cookie?tabs=aspnetcore2x
它提供了登录的一些信息,或登录生成Cookie的一些信息,用以后
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting; using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration; using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Cookies; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http; namespace RolePrivilegeManagement { public class Startup { public Startup(IConfiguration configuration) { Configuration = configuration; } public IConfiguration Configuration { get; } public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { services.AddMvc(); //添加认证Cookie信息 services.AddAuthentication(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme) .AddCookie(options => { options.LoginPath = new PathString("/login"); options.AccessDeniedPath = new PathString("/denied"); }); } public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env) { if (env.IsDevelopment()) { app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); app.UseBrowserLink(); } else { app.UseExceptionHandler("/Home/Error"); } app.UseStaticFiles(); //验证中间件 app.UseAuthentication(); app.UseMvc(routes => { routes.MapRoute( name: "default", template: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}"); }); } } }
HomeController.cs
对于Login Get的Action,把returnUrl用户想要访问的地址(有可能用户记录下想要访问的url了,但系统会转到登录页,登录成功后直接跳转到想要访问的returnUrl页)
对于Login Post的Action,验证用户密和密码,成功能,定义一个ClaimsIdentity,把用户名和角色,和用户姓名的声明都添回进来(这个角色,就是用来验证可访问action的角色)作来该用户标识,接下来调用HttpContext.SignInAsync进行登录,注意此方法的第一个参数,必需与StartUp.cs中services.AddAuthentication的参数相同,AddAuthentication是设置登录,SigninAsync是按设置参数进行登录
对于Logout Get的Action,是退出登录
HomeController上的[Authorize(Roles=”admin,system”)]角色和权限的关系时,所有Action只有admin和system两个角色能访问到,About上的[Authorize(Roles=”admin”)]声明这个action只能admin角色访问,Contact上的[Authorize(Roles=”system”)]声明这个action只能system角色访问,如果action上声明的是[AllowAnomymous],说明不受授权管理,可以直接访问。
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc; using RolePrivilegeManagement.Models; using System.Security.Claims; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Cookies; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization; namespace RolePrivilegeManagement.Controllers { [Authorize(Roles = "admin,system")] public class HomeController : Controller { public IActionResult Index() { return View(); } [Authorize(Roles = "admin")] public IActionResult About() { ViewData["Message"] = "Your application description page."; return View(); } [Authorize(Roles = "system")] public IActionResult Contact() { ViewData["Message"] = "Your contact page."; return View(); } public IActionResult Error() { return View(new ErrorViewModel { RequestId = Activity.Current?.Id ?? HttpContext.TraceIdentifier }); } [AllowAnonymous] [HttpGet("login")] public IActionResult Login(string returnUrl = null) { TempData["returnUrl"] = returnUrl; return View(); } [AllowAnonymous] [HttpPost("login")] public async TaskLogin(string userName, string password, string returnUrl = null) { var list = new List { new { UserName = "gsw", Password = "111111", Role = "admin",Name="桂素伟" }, new { UserName = "aaa", Password = "222222", Role = "system",Name="测试A" } }; var user = list.SingleOrDefault(s => s.UserName == userName && s.Password == password); if (user!=null) { //用户标识 var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme); identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Sid, userName)); identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, user.Name)); identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, user.Role)); await HttpContext.SignInAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, new ClaimsPrincipal(identity)); if (returnUrl == null) { returnUrl = TempData["returnUrl"]?.ToString(); } if (returnUrl != null) { return Redirect(returnUrl); } else { return RedirectToAction(nameof(HomeController.Index), "Home"); } } else { const string badUserNameOrPasswordMessage = "用户名或密码错误!"; return BadRequest(badUserNameOrPasswordMessage); } } [HttpGet("logout")] public async Task Logout() { await HttpContext.SignOutAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme); return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home"); } [AllowAnonymous] [HttpGet("denied")] public IActionResult Denied() { return View(); } } }
前端_Layout.cshtml布局页,在登录成功后的任何页面都可以用@User.Identity.Name就可以获取用户姓名,同时用@User.Claims.SingleOrDefault(s=>s.Type==System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes.Sid).Value可以获取用户名或角色。
@ViewData["Title"] - RolePrivilegeManagement @RenderBody()
@RenderSection("Scripts", required: false)
现在可以用chrome运行了,进行登录页后F12,查看Network—Cookies,可以看到有一个Cookie,这个是记录returnUrl的Cookie,是否记得HomeController.cs中的Login Get的Action中代码:TempData["returnUrl"]= returnUrl;这个TempData最后转成了一个Cookie返回到客户端了,如下图:
输入用户名,密码登录,再次查看Cookies,发现多了一个.AspNetCore.Cookies,即把用户验证信息加密码保存在了这个Cookie中,当跳转到别的页面时,这两个Cookie会继续在客户端和服务传送,用以验证用户角色。
自定义角色
系统的角色可以自定义,用户是自写到义,权限是固定的,角色对应权限可以自定义,用户对应角色也是自定义的,如下图:
项目代码:
https://github.com/axzxs2001/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/tree/master/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86/PrivilegeManagement
始于startup.cs
自定义角色与固定角色不同之处在于多了一个中间件(关于中间件学习参看:https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/fundamentals/middleware),即在Configure方法中,一定要在app.UseAuthentication下面添加验证权限的中间件,因为UseAuthentication要从Cookie中加载通过验证的用户信息到Context.User中,所以一定放在加载完后才能去验用户信息(当然自己读取Cookie也可以)
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting; using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration; using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Cookies; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http; using PrivilegeManagement.Middleware; namespace PrivilegeManagement { public class Startup { public Startup(IConfiguration configuration) { Configuration = configuration; } public IConfiguration Configuration { get; } public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { services.AddAuthentication(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme) .AddCookie(options => { options.LoginPath = new PathString("/login"); options.AccessDeniedPath = new PathString("/denied"); } ); services.AddMvc(); } public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env) { if (env.IsDevelopment()) { app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); app.UseBrowserLink(); } else { app.UseExceptionHandler("/Home/Error"); } app.UseStaticFiles(); //验证中间件 app.UseAuthentication(); ////添加权限中间件, 一定要放在app.UseAuthentication后 app.UsePermission(new PermissionMiddlewareOption() { LoginAction = @"/login", NoPermissionAction = @"/denied", //这个集合从数据库中查出所有用户的全部权限 UserPerssions = new List() { new UserPermission { Url="/", UserName="gsw"}, new UserPermission { Url="/home/contact", UserName="gsw"}, new UserPermission { Url="/home/about", UserName="aaa"}, new UserPermission { Url="/", UserName="aaa"} } }); app.UseMvc(routes => { routes.MapRoute( name: "default", template: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}"); }); } } }
下面看看中间件PermissionMiddleware.cs,在Invoke中用了context.User,如上面所述,首先要调用app.UseAuthentication加载用户信息后才能在这里使用,这个中间件逻辑较简单,如果没有验证的一律放过去,不作处理,如果验证过(登录成功了),就要查看本次请求的url和这个用户可以访问的权限是否匹配,如不匹配,就跳转到拒绝页面(这个是在Startup.cs中添加中间件时,用NoPermissionAction = @"/denied"设置的),这里定义了一个静态的List
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http; using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.IO; using System.Linq; using System.Reflection; using System.Security.Claims; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace PrivilegeManagement.Middleware { ////// 权限中间件 /// public class PermissionMiddleware { ////// 管道代理对象 /// private readonly RequestDelegate _next; ////// 权限中间件的配置选项 /// private readonly PermissionMiddlewareOption _option; ////// 用户权限集合 /// internal static List_userPermissions; /// /// 权限中间件构造 /// /// 管道代理对象 /// 权限仓储对象 /// 权限中间件配置选项 public PermissionMiddleware(RequestDelegate next, PermissionMiddlewareOption option) { _option = option; _next = next; _userPermissions = option.UserPerssions; } ////// 调用管道 /// /// 请求上下文 ///public Task Invoke(HttpContext context) { //请求Url var questUrl = context.Request.Path.Value.ToLower(); //是否经过验证 var isAuthenticated = context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated; if (isAuthenticated) { if (_userPermissions.GroupBy(g=>g.Url).Where(w => w.Key.ToLower() == questUrl).Count() > 0) { //用户名 var userName = context.User.Claims.SingleOrDefault(s => s.Type == ClaimTypes.Sid).Value; if (_userPermissions.Where(w => w.UserName == userName&&w.Url.ToLower()==questUrl).Count() > 0) { return this._next(context); } else { //无权限跳转到拒绝页面 context.Response.Redirect(_option.NoPermissionAction); } } } return this._next(context); } } }
扩展中间件类PermissionMiddlewareExtensions.cs
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder; using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace PrivilegeManagement.Middleware { ////// 扩展权限中间件 /// public static class PermissionMiddlewareExtensions { ////// 引入权限中间件 /// /// 扩展类型 /// 权限中间件配置选项 ///public static IApplicationBuilder UsePermission( this IApplicationBuilder builder, PermissionMiddlewareOption option) { return builder.UseMiddleware (option); } } }
中间件属性PermissionMiddlewareOption.cs
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace PrivilegeManagement.Middleware { ////// 权限中间件选项 /// public class PermissionMiddlewareOption { ////// 登录action /// public string LoginAction { get; set; } ////// 无权限导航action /// public string NoPermissionAction { get; set; } ////// 用户权限集合 /// public ListUserPerssions { get; set; } = new List (); } }
中间件实体类UserPermission.cs
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace PrivilegeManagement.Middleware { ////// 用户权限 /// public class UserPermission { ////// 用户名 /// public string UserName { get; set; } ////// 请求Url /// public string Url { get; set; } } }
关于自定义角色,因为不需要授权时带上角色,所以可以定义一个基Controller类BaseController.cs,其他的Controller都继承BaseController,这样所有的action都可以通过中间件来验证,当然像登录,无权限提示页面还是在Action上加[AllowAnomymous]
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc; namespace PrivilegeManagement.Controllers { [Authorize] public class BaseController:Controller { } }
HomeController.cs如下,与固定角色的HomeController.cs差异只在Controller和Action上的Authorize特性。
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc; using PrivilegeManagement.Models; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization; using System.Security.Claims; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Cookies; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication; namespace PrivilegeManagement.Controllers { public class HomeController : BaseController { public IActionResult Index() { return View(); } public IActionResult About() { ViewData["Message"] = "Your application description page."; return View(); } public IActionResult Contact() { ViewData["Message"] = "Your contact page."; return View(); } public IActionResult Error() { return View(new ErrorViewModel { RequestId = Activity.Current?.Id ?? HttpContext.TraceIdentifier }); } [AllowAnonymous] [HttpGet("login")] public IActionResult Login(string returnUrl = null) { TempData["returnUrl"] = returnUrl; return View(); } [AllowAnonymous] [HttpPost("login")] public async TaskLogin(string userName,string password, string returnUrl = null) { var list = new List { new { UserName = "gsw", Password = "111111", Role = "admin",Name="桂素伟" }, new { UserName = "aaa", Password = "222222", Role = "system",Name="测试A" } }; var user = list.SingleOrDefault(s => s.UserName == userName && s.Password == password); if (user != null) { //用户标识 var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme); identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Sid, userName)); identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, user.Name)); identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, user.Role)); await HttpContext.SignInAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, new ClaimsPrincipal(identity)); if (returnUrl == null) { returnUrl = TempData["returnUrl"]?.ToString(); } if (returnUrl != null) { return Redirect(returnUrl); } else { return RedirectToAction(nameof(HomeController.Index), "Home"); } } else { const string badUserNameOrPasswordMessage = "用户名或密码错误!"; return BadRequest(badUserNameOrPasswordMessage); } } [HttpGet("logout")] public async Task Logout() { await HttpContext.SignOutAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme); return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home"); } [HttpGet("denied")] public IActionResult Denied() { return View(); } } }
全部代码:https://github.com/axzxs2001/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/tree/master/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86
新闻标题:asp.netcore的认证和授权
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