外文文献怎么翻译?

翻译外文文献的方法：

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1.大部分外文参考文献下载后是pdf格式，可以通过一些方法将其转换为更方便复制修改的word版。ps:小编是通过“软件安装管家”的pdf转换器进行转换的，一个非常好用的免费软件。

2.打开word版的外文文献。

3.选中要翻译的部分，选择上方工具栏的“审阅”，再点击下方选项卡的“翻译”中的“翻译所选文字”，右方出现翻译结果。ps:一部分一部分进行翻译比较好。

4.接下来是准确翻译的做法。首先对照原文，运用你的英文水平进行大致的检查。

在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。

由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手＂。

外文文献数据库

外文文献反映了世界各国科学技术的先进水平，及时报道了国际重要科研成果和科研动向，是科研人员研究新课题、推出新成果的重要情报源。

分类

外文文献数据库可以有很多种分类的角度，其中从所收录文献信息的使用方式的角度分类如下：

第一类是收录文献全文的数据库，以 sciencedirect 、springer 和wiley 为代表。

第二类是收录摘要、文献来源和文献引证关系的数据库，以所谓的三大索引数据库为代表。（三大索引数据库统一于 ISI web of knowledge）

第三类是含有少量免费全文，但对于大多数文章只是收录摘要和文献来源信息的数据库，以pubmed为代表。

第四类是既包含全文电子期刊库，又包含文摘数据库的数据库，以ovid为代表。

求介绍VB的英文文献翻译

Visual Basic编程语言

1991年，美国微软公司推出了Visual Basic(可简称VB），目前的最新版本是VB 2008 Beta2(VB9)中文版。

Visual 意即可视的、可见的，指的是开发像windows操作系统的图形用户界面（Graphic User Interface,GUI）的方法，它不需要编写大量代码去描述界面元素的外观和位置，只要把预先建立好的对象拖放到屏幕上相应的位置即可。

Basic 实际上是一个短语的缩写，这个短语就是 Beginners all_purpose symbolic instruction code ，其中文意思为“初始者通用符号指令代码语言”。

Visual Basic有学习版、专业版和企业版三种版本，以满足不同的开发需要。学习版适用于普通学习者及大多数使用Visual Basic开发一般Windows应用程序的人员，但是；专业版适用于计算机专业开发人员，包括了学习版的全部内容功能以及Internet控件开发工具之类的高级特性；企业版除包含专业版全部的内容外，还有自动化构件管理器等工具，使得专业编程人员能够开发功能强大的组骨子里分布式应用程序。

VB是一种可视化的、面向对象和采用事件驱动方式的结构化高级程序设计语言，可用于开发Windows环境下的各类应用程序。它简单易学、效率高，且功能强大可以与Windowsr专业开发工具SDK相媲美。在Visual Basic环境下，利用事件驱动的编程机制、新颖易用的可视化设计工具，使用Windows内部的广泛应用程序接口（API）函数，以用动态链接库（DLL）、对象的链接与世隔嵌入（OLE）、开放式数据连接（ODBC）等技术，可以高效、快速地开发Windows环境下功能强大、图形界面丰富的应用软件系统。随着版本的提高，Visual Basic的功能也越来越强。5.0版以后，Visual Basic推出了中文版，与前个版本相比，其功能有了很大提升。

但是，功能再强大，Visual Basic仍然有一个缺点：在没有MSVBVM**.DLL的计算机上必须安装所需的DLL文件。用它可设计操作系统，不过，比较困难。

在二十一世纪初，microsoft公司推出Visual Studio 2003与Visual Basic之间有了重大变化，Visual Studio为各种编程工具做了一个平台，Visual Basic.NET可在这种平台上运行。相对于传统VB，有很大的不同。VB.Net，首次使用.Net构架进行可视化编程，并且能很好地与COM构架兼容。2005年Visual Studio 2005则运用了NET 2.0的技术，更加的方便了程序员的工作。可是新的程序对系统配置要求也较高，需要微软.Net Framework 2.0以上的.Net构架支持。

2007年12月,微软(Microsoft)推出了Visual Studio 2008 Beta 2 发生了重大的变化(见附图)在代码输入的时候,可以比VB2005快很多,在非特殊的情况下,VB2008都会自动开启 自动完成关键字 这个命令 而且开始支持最新的.NET Framework 3.5 Beta 2

Visual Basic programming language

1991, the United States launched the Microsoft Visual Basic (may be referred to VB), is the latest version of the current VB 2008 Beta2 (VB9) Chinese version.

Visual meaning the visual, visible, referring to the development of operating systems like windows graphical user interface (Graphic User Interface, GUI) method, it does not need to prepare a large number code to describe the appearance of the interface elements and location, as long as the pre - The establishment of good drag and drop objects on the screen corresponding to the location.

Basic is actually an abbreviation of the phrase, this phrase is Beginners all_purpose symbolic instruction code, the Chinese meaning "to the initial directive GM symbol code language."

Visual Basic learning, Professional Edition and Enterprise Edition versions to meet the different needs of the development. Study and apply to the ordinary version of the majority of learners and the use of Visual Basic development of the general staff of Windows applications, but; professional version for computer professional development of staff, including the study of functional version of the full content control and Internet development tools such as advanced features ; Enterprise contain not only all the professional version of the content, there are automated tools such as Component Manager, professional programmers to make the development of a powerful group essence of distributed applications.

VB is a visual, object-oriented event-driven approach and the use of the structure of high-level programming language, can be used for the development of the Windows environment of various applications. It easy to learn, efficient and powerful with Windowsr professional development tools comparable to SDK. In Visual Basic environment, the use of event-driven programming mechanism, the new easy-to-use visual design tools, within the wider use Windows application program interface (API) function, to use dynamic link library (DLL), the object Links embedded with the World at (OLE), open-end data connectivity (ODBC), and other technology, can be highly efficient and rapid development of the Windows environment powerful, rich graphical interface application software system. With the improved version, Visual Basic functions also growing. After version 5.0, Visual Basic launched a Chinese version, compared with the previous version, its functions have been greatly improve.

However, more powerful functions, Visual Basic still has one drawback: in the absence of MSVBVM **. DLL must be installed on the computer the required DLL file. It can be designed with the operating system, but more difficult.

In the early 21st century, microsoft has introduced Visual Studio 2003 and Visual Basic among the significant changes, Visual Studio for a variety of programming tools to a platform, Visual Basic.NET can run on this platform. Compared with traditional VB, are quite different. VB.Net, used for the first time. Net framework for visual programming, and can a good framework compatible with COM. 2005 Visual Studio 2005则use of the NET 2.0 technology, more convenience to the programmer's work. But the new procedures on the system configuration requirements are also higher, the need for Microsoft. Net Framework 2.0 above. Net framework support.

December 2007, Microsoft (Microsoft) launched the Visual Studio 2008 Beta 2 has undergone major changes (see attached map) enter in the code when the VB2005 can be much faster than in non-exceptional circumstances, VB2008 will automatically open automatically Keyword completion of this order and begun to support the latest. NET Framework 3.5 Beta 2

求关于.NET技术的相关英文文献

.NET Essentials

.NET Framework Essentials.NET

Windows Forms in a Nutshell

Foundations of Object Oriented Programming Using .NET 2.0 Patterns 2005

Pro Scalable .NET 2.0 Application Designs 2006

Professional .NET 2.0 Generics 2005

Programming .NET Components

Ado Activex Data Objects 2001

Professional ADO.NET 2 Programming With SQL Server 2005, Oracle, MySQL

ASP.NET 2.0 Everyday Apps For Dummies 2006

ASP.NET 2.0 Visual Web Developer 2005 Express Edition Starter Kit 2006

ASP.NET Bible 2002

ASP.NET Database Programming Weekend Crash Course 2002

Beginning ASP.NET 2.0 with C Sharp 2006

Mastering ASP.NET with C Sharp 2002

Pro ASP.NET in C# 2005

A Programmer钬檚 Guide to ADO.NET in C Sharp 2002

C Sharp .NET Web Developer's Guide 2002

C Sharp Your visual blueprint for building .NET applications 2001

Data Entry and Validation with C Sharp and VB .NET Windows Forms 2003

Developing Microsoft .NET Applications for Windows in Visual C# 2002

MSDN Training - Introduction to C# Programming for the Microsoft .NET Platform 2001

Network programming .NET with C Sharp and VB.NET 2004

OOP with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C Sharp Step By Step 2002

Pro .NET 2.0 Code And Design Standards In C#, 3rd Ed 2006

Pro C Sharp 2005 and the .NET 2.0 Platform

Visual C Sharp .NET Developer's Handbook 2002

Visual C Sharp .NET Programming 2002

Visual C Sharp ASP .NET Programming 2002

COM and .Net Component Services

A programmers introduction to VB.NET 2001

Mastering Visual Basic .NET 2002

Programming VB .NET 2002

The Book of Visual Basic 2005 - .NET Insight for Classic VB Developers

VB.NET Mastering vb.net database programming 2002

VB.NET Syngress Developers guide 2001

Visual Basic .NET How to Program 2nd Ed

Visual Basic .NET Language in a Nutshell 2st ed 2001

Visual C++ .NET Developer钬檚 Guide 2002

Visual Studio C++ .NET Developer's Guide 2002

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