C 语言标准库函数

C语言标准库函数

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标准io函数

Standard C I/O

clearerr() clears errors

fclose() close a file

feof() true if at the end-of-file

ferror() checks for a file error

fflush() writes the contents of the output buffer

fgetc() get a character from a stream

fgetpos() get the file position indicator

fgets() get a string of characters from a stream

fopen() open a file

fprintf() print formatted output to a file

fputc() write a character to a file

fputs() write a string to a file

fread() read from a file

freopen() open an existing stream with a different name

fscanf() read formatted input from a file

fseek() move to a specific location in a file

fsetpos() move to a specific location in a file

ftell() returns the current file position indicator

fwrite() write to a file

getc() read a character from a file

getchar() read a character from STDIN

gets() read a string from STDIN

perror() displays a string version of the current error to STDERR

printf() write formatted output to STDOUT

putc() write a character to a stream

putchar() write a character to STDOUT

puts() write a string to STDOUT

remove() erase a file

rename() rename a file

rewind() move the file position indicator to the beginning of a file

scanf() read formatted input from STDIN

setbuf() set the buffer for a specific stream

setvbuf() set the buffer and size for a specific stream

sprintf() write formatted output to a buffer

sscanf() read formatted input from a buffer

tmpfile() return a pointer to a temporary file

tmpnam() return a unique filename

ungetc() puts a character back into a stream

vprintf, vfprintf, vsprintf write formatted output with variable argument lists

标准字符/字符串处理函数

atof() converts a string to a double

atoi() converts a string to an integer

atol() converts a string to a long

isalnum() true if alphanumeric

isalpha() true if alphabetic

iscntrl() true if control character

isdigit() true if digit

isgraph() true if a graphical character

islower() true if lowercase

isprint() true if a printing character

ispunct() true if punctuation

isspace() true if space

isupper() true if uppercase character

isxdigit() true if a hexidecimal character

memchr() searches an array for the first occurance of a character

memcmp() compares two buffers

memcpy() copies one buffer to another

memmove() moves one buffer to another

memset() fills a buffer with a character

strcat() concatenates two strings

strchr() finds the first occurance of a character in a string

strcmp() compares two strings

strcoll() compares two strings in accordance to the current locale

strcpy() copies one string to another

strcspn() searches one string for any characters in another

strerror() returns a text version of a given error code

strlen() returns the length of a given string

strncat() concatenates a certain amount of characters of two strings

strncmp() compares a certain amount of characters of two strings

strncpy() copies a certain amount of characters from one string to another

strpbrk() finds the first location of any character in one string, in another string

strrchr() finds the last occurance of a character in a string

strspn() returns the length of a substring of characters of a string

strstr() finds the first occurance of a substring of characters

strtod() converts a string to a double

strtok() finds the next token in a string

strtol() converts a string to a long

strtoul() converts a string to an unsigned long

strxfrm() converts a substring so that it can be used by string comparison functions

tolower() converts a character to lowercase

toupper() converts a character to uppercase

标准数学函数

abs() absolute value

acos() arc cosine

asin() arc sine

atan() arc tangent

atan2() arc tangent, using signs to determine quadrants

ceil() the smallest integer not less than a certain value

cos() cosine

cosh() hyperbolic cosine

div() returns the quotient and remainder of a division

exp() returns "e" raised to a given power

fabs() absolute value for floating-point numbers

floor() returns the largest integer not greater than a given value

fmod() returns the remainder of a division

frexp() decomposes a number into scientific notation

labs() absolute value for long integers

ldexp() computes a number in scientific notation

ldiv() returns the quotient and remainder of a division, in long integer form

log() natural logarithm

log10() natural logarithm, in base 10

modf() decomposes a number into integer and fractional parts

pow() returns a given number raised to another number

sin() sine

sinh() hyperbolic sine

sqrt() square root

tan() tangent

tanh() hyperbolic tangent

标准时间/日期函数

asctime() a textual version of the time

clock() returns the amount of time that the program has been running

ctime() returns a specifically formatted version of the time

difftime() the difference between two times

gmtime() returns a pointer to the current Greenwich Mean Time

localtime() returns a pointer to the current time

mktime() returns the calendar version of a given time

strftime() returns individual elements of the date and time

time() returns the current calendar time of the system

标准内存管理函数

calloc() allocates a two-dimensional chunk of memory

free() makes memory available for future allocation

malloc() allocates memory

realloc() changes the size of previously allocated memory

其它标准函数

abort() stops the program

assert() stops the program if an expression isn';t true

atexit() sets a function to be called when the program exits

bsearch() perform a binary search

exit() stop the program

getenv() get enviornment information about a variable

longjmp() start execution at a certain point in the program

qsort() perform a quicksort

raise() send a signal to the program

rand() returns a pseudorandom number

setjmp() set execution to start at a certain point

signal() register a function as a signal handler

srand() initialize the random number generator

system() perform a system call

va_arg() use variable length parameter lists

在C语言中系统允许用户重新定义标准库函数吗？

用户需要调用标准库函数，调用前不用重新定义：

一般来说，在文件头加个预处理命令把库函数包含进来就行了，例如在c语言中就是用includestdio.h。

在 C语言程序设计里，C 标准函数库（C Standard library）是所有符合标准的头文件（head file）的集合，以及常用的函数库实现程序，例如I/O 输入输出和字符串控制。不像 COBOL、Fortran 和 PL/I等编程语言，在 C 语言的工作任务里不会包含嵌入的关键字，所以几乎所有的 C 语言程序都是由标准函数库的函数来创建的。

C语言中对字符串进行操作的标准库函数有哪些

1）字符串操作

strcpy(p, p1) 复制字符串

strncpy(p, p1, n) 复制指定长度字符串

strcat(p, p1) 附加字符串

strncat(p, p1, n) 附加指定长度字符串

strlen(p) 取字符串长度

strcmp(p, p1) 比较字符串

strcasecmp忽略大小写比较字符串

strncmp(p, p1, n) 比较指定长度字符串

strchr(p, c) 在字符串中查找指定字符

strrchr(p, c) 在字符串中反向查找

strstr(p, p1) 查找字符串

strpbrk(p, p1) 以目标字符串的所有字符作为集合，在当前字符串查找该集合的任一元素

strspn(p, p1) 以目标字符串的所有字符作为集合，在当前字符串查找不属于该集合的任一元素的偏移

strcspn(p, p1) 以目标字符串的所有字符作为集合，在当前字符串查找属于该集合的任一元素的偏移

* 具有指定长度的字符串处理函数在已处理的字符串之后填补零结尾符

2）字符串到数值类型的转换

strtod(p, ppend) 从字符串 p 中转换 double 类型数值，并将后续的字符串指针存储到 ppend 指向的 char* 类型存储。

strtol(p, ppend, base) 从字符串 p 中转换 long 类型整型数值，base 显式设置转换的整型进制，设置为 0 以根据特定格式判断所用进制，0x, 0X 前缀以解释为十六进制格式整型，0 前缀以解释为八进制格式整型

atoi(p) 字符串转换到 int 整型

atof(p) 字符串转换到 double 符点数

atol(p) 字符串转换到 long 整型

3）字符检查

isalpha() 检查是否为字母字符

isupper() 检查是否为大写字母字符

islower() 检查是否为小写字母字符

isdigit() 检查是否为数字

isxdigit() 检查是否为十六进制数字表示的有效字符

isspace() 检查是否为空格类型字符

iscntrl() 检查是否为控制字符

ispunct() 检查是否为标点符号

isalnum() 检查是否为字母和数字

isprint() 检查是否是可打印字符

isgraph() 检查是否是图形字符，等效于 isalnum() | ispunct()

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